The monitoring and diagnosis of fouling are essential for engineers to determine when to remove the heat exchanger temporarily for mechanical cleaning to maintain high heat transfer coefficients and save energy.
Seven categories of control objectives are as follows:
(a) The control for the safety of the flash drum is achieved through controlling pairs (an FCE matching a specific CV).
(b) Environmental protection can be achieved by preventing leaks and spills and following proper waste disposal procedures.
(c) Pump protection is achieved through controlling pair (differential pressure switches and flow rate switches).
(d) Smooth operation and product quality are achieved through controlling pair (an FCE matching to a specific CV).
(e) Product quality is achieved through controlling pair (an FCE matching to a specific CV).
(f) High profit is achieved through controlling pair (an FCE matching to a specific CV).
(g) Monitoring & diagnosis of fouling is necessary for engineers to decide when to remove the heat exchanger temporarily for mechanical cleaning to restore a high heat transfer coefficient to save energy.
The control objectives have been categorized into seven types, including safety, environmental protection, pump protection, smooth operation, product quality, high profit, and monitoring & diagnosis of fouling. Controlling pairs and FCEs are used to achieve these control objectives. By regulating the input and output variables, they provide better product quality and increased efficiency. The monitoring and diagnosis of fouling are essential for engineers to determine when to remove the heat exchanger temporarily for mechanical cleaning to maintain high heat transfer coefficients and save energy.
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A composite material that has boron fibres coated in aluminium has a ratio of 6:4 respectively. The fibers has a Young's modulus of 380 GPa, and aluminium has a Young's modulus of 70 GPa. The density of the fibers is 2.36 g/cm^3 and the density of the aluminium is 2.70 g/cm^3. Please put both answers in the text box I. Design a composite with a density of 2.65 g/cm^3 - What is the volume of the matrix
The volume of the aluminum matrix in the composite is approximately 0.853 cm³.
To design a composite with a density of 2.65 g/cm³, we need to determine the volume fraction of each component in the composite. Let's assume the volume fraction of boron fibers is represented by Vf and the volume fraction of aluminum (matrix) is represented by (1 - Vf).
Given that the density of the fibers is 2.36 g/cm³ and the density of aluminum is 2.70 g/cm³, we can set up the following equation:
(2.36 g/cm³) * Vf + (2.70 g/cm³) * (1 - Vf) = 2.65 g/cm³
Simplifying the equation, we get:
2.36Vf + 2.70 - 2.70Vf = 2.65
0.34Vf = 0.05
Vf = 0.05 / 0.34 ≈ 0.147
Therefore, the volume fraction of the boron fibers is approximately 0.147, and the volume fraction of aluminum is approximately (1 - 0.147) = 0.853.
To calculate the volume of the matrix (aluminum), we multiply the volume fraction of aluminum by the total volume of the composite. Let's assume the total volume is 1 cm³ for simplicity:
Volume of the matrix = 0.853 * 1 cm³ = 0.853 cm³
Therefore, the volume of the aluminum matrix in the composite is approximately 0.853 cm³.
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Standard Heat of Formation:
C6H14 (l) = -198.7 kJ/mol C3H8O (l) = -302.54 kJ/mol
CO2 (g) = -393.5 kJ/mol H2O (g) = -241.82 kJ/mol
Heat of Bond Energy:
C-C single bond = 356 kJ/mol C-H = 416 kJ/mol
C-O (single bond) = 336 kJ/mol C=O (double bond) = 803 kJ/mol
O=O double bond = 497 kJ/mol O-H = 467 kJ/mol
1. n-Hexane (C6H14) is a chemical made from crude oil. Pure n-Hexane is a colorless liquid with a slightly disagreeable odor
a.) Calculate the enthalpy change for the complete combustion of one mole of n-hexane using the standard enthalpy of formation. Write the balance chemical equation involved as part of the solution.
b.) Calculate the enthalpy change for the same reaction above, also on a per mole of n-hexane basis but this time use the enthalpy of bond energy then compare the result with the one you got in a).
2. Propanol appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sharp musty odor like rubbing alcohol. It is used in making cosmetics, skin and hair preparations, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, antifreezes, rubbing alcohols, soaps, window cleaners, and other chemicals and products.
a.) Calculate the enthalpy change for the complete combustion of one mole of propanol using the standard enthalpy of formation. Write the balance chemical equation involved as part of the solution.
b.) Calculate the enthalpy change for the same reaction above, also on a per mole of propanol basis but this time use the enthalpy of bond energy then compare the result with the one you got in a).
Show the complete solution!
The enthalpy change for the combustion reactions can be determined by calculating the difference between the sum of the standard heats of formation of the products and reactants or by considering the difference in the sum of the bond energies of the reactants and products, depending on the method used.
How can the enthalpy change be calculated for the complete combustion of n-hexane and propanol using the standard enthalpy of formation and bond energies?a) The balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of n-hexane (C6H14) is:
C6H14(l) + 19O2(g) -> 6CO2(g) + 7H2O(g)
To calculate the enthalpy change using the standard enthalpy of formation, we need to consider the difference between the sum of the standard heats of formation of the products and the sum of the standard heats of formation of the reactants.
Enthalpy change = (6ˣ ΔHf(CO2)) + (7ˣ ΔHf(H2O)) - (ΔHf(C6H14))
Enthalpy change = (6ˣ (-393.5 kJ/mol)) + (7ˣ (-241.82 kJ/mol)) - (-198.7 kJ/mol)
b) To calculate the enthalpy change using the enthalpy of bond energy, we need to consider the difference between the sum of the bond energies of the reactants and the sum of the bond energies of the products.
Enthalpy change = [6ˣ (12 ˣ C-C bond energy + 14 ˣ C-H bond energy)] + [7 ˣ (2 ˣ O=O bond energy + 8 ˣO-H bond energy)] - [6 ˣ C-C bond energy + 14 ˣ C-H bond energy]
Enthalpy change = [6ˣ (12 ˣ356 kJ/mol + 14 ˣ 416 kJ/mol)] + [7ˣ(2ˣ 497 kJ/mol + 8 ˣ 467 kJ/mol)] - [6 ˣ 356 kJ/mol + 14 ˣ 416 kJ/mol]
2.
a) The balanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of propanol (C3H8O) is:
C3H8O(l) + 5O2(g) -> 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
To calculate the enthalpy change using the standard enthalpy of formation, we follow a similar approach as in question 1a.
Enthalpy change = (3 ˣ ΔHf(CO2)) + (4ˣ ΔHf(H2O)) - (ΔHf(C3H8O))
b) To calculate the enthalpy change using the enthalpy of bond energy, we follow a similar approach as in question 1b.
Enthalpy change = [3 ˣ (3 ˣ C=O bond energy + 8 ˣ O-H bond energy)] + [4 ˣ (2ˣ O=O bond energy + 4ˣ O-H bond energy)] - [3 ˣ C-C bond energy + 8 ˣ C-H bond energy]
Comparing the results from parts a) and b) in both questions allows us to evaluate the differences in enthalpy calculations using standard enthalpy of formation and bond energies, respectively, for the combustion reactions of n-hexane and propanol.
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Uranium-235 is an uncommon isotope of uranium that is fissile. One of the possible decays is: 235U + In- 141 Ba + 92 Kr + bn (a) Determine how many neutrons are produced in the reaction (find b). (b) Determine the energy produced in the reaction. Here are some masses: uranium-235: 235.0439299 u barium-141: 140.914411 u krypton-92: 91.926156 u neutron: 1.0086649 u
The energy produced in the reaction is approximately 1.07469 × 10¹⁷ joules.
To determine the number of neutrons produced in the reaction, we need to balance the equation and compare the neutron numbers on both sides.
The given reaction is:
235U + In- → 141Ba + 92Kr + bn
On the left side, we have 235U, which means there are 235 neutrons present since the atomic number of uranium is 92.
On the right side, we have 141Ba and 92Kr. To find the number of neutrons in each product, we subtract the atomic number from the mass number:
For barium-141:
Number of neutrons = 141 - 56 (atomic number of barium)
Number of neutrons = 85
For krypton-92:
Number of neutrons = 92 - 36 (atomic number of krypton)
Number of neutrons = 56
Now, let's consider the missing product, bn (neutrons). We need to find the number of neutrons produced in the reaction.
To balance the equation, the total number of neutrons on both sides should be equal.
235 (initial neutrons) = 85 (neutrons from barium-141) + 56 (neutrons from krypton-92) + bn
Now we can solve for bn:
235 = 85 + 56 + bn
235 - 85 - 56 = bn
bn = 94
Therefore, the number of neutrons produced in the reaction is 94.
Now let's move on to determining the energy produced in the reaction. To calculate the energy, we can use the mass defect and Einstein's mass-energy equivalence equation (E = mc²).
The mass defect (Δm) is the difference between the total mass of the reactants and the total mass of the products:
Δm = (mass of uranium-235) - (mass of barium-141) - (mass of krypton-92) - (number of neutrons produced) × (mass of neutron)
Δm = (235.0439299 u) - (140.914411 u) - (91.926156 u) - (94) × (1.0086649 u)
Now we can calculate the energy produced using the equation:
E = Δm × c²
where c is the speed of light (approximately 3 × 10⁸ m/s).
E = (Δm) × (3 × 10⁸ m/s)²
Please note that the energy will be calculated in joules (J) since we're using the SI unit system.
Calculating the mass defect:
Δm = (235.0439299 u) - (140.914411 u) - (91.926156 u) - (94) × (1.0086649 u)
Δm = 1.1941 u
Calculating the energy:
E = (1.1941 u) × (3 × 10^8 m/s)²
E ≈ 1.07469 × 10¹⁷ J
Therefore, the energy produced in the reaction is approximately 1.07469 × 10¹⁷ joules.
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(20 pts) Derive an expression for the expansion coefficient, a, and the isothermal compressibility, KT of a perfect gas as a function of T and P, respectively.
An expression for the expansion coefficient, a, and the isothermal compressibility, KT of a perfect gas as a function of T and P, respectively is KT = -(1/V) * (∂V/∂P)T.
To derive the expression for the expansion coefficient, a, and the isothermal compressibility, KT, of a perfect gas as a function of temperature (T) and pressure (P), we start with the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT,
where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature.
We can differentiate this equation with respect to temperature at constant pressure to obtain the expression for the expansion coefficient, a:
a = (1/V) * (∂V/∂T)P.
Next, we differentiate the ideal gas law with respect to pressure at constant temperature to obtain the expression for the isothermal compressibility, KT:
KT = -(1/V) * (∂V/∂P)T.
By substituting the appropriate derivatives (∂V/∂T)P and (∂V/∂P)T into the above expressions, we can obtain the final expressions for the expansion coefficient, a, and the isothermal compressibility, KT, of a perfect gas as functions of temperature and pressure, respectively.
Note: The specific expressions for a and KT will depend on the equation of state used to describe the behavior of the gas (e.g., ideal gas law, Van der Waals equation, etc.).
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Acetic acid solution of 30% by mass will be extracted with isopropylether in a counter current battery. While solution is fed at 2000 kg/h, pure solvent is sent to the system at 3000 kg/h. Find the number of steps required for the acid concentration in the outlet solution (raffinate stream) to decrease to 2% over the mass excluding the ether (on an isosceles triangle).
The number of steps required for the acid concentration in the outlet solution to decrease to 2% can be calculated using the concept of the isosceles triangle method.
The isosceles triangle method and its application in determining the number of steps for concentration reduction in liquid-liquid extraction processes.
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Approximately 12 steps are required for the acid concentration in the outlet solution to decrease to 2% over the mass excluding the ether.
To determine the number of steps required, we need to consider the principles of a counter current battery extraction process. In this process, the solute (acetic acid) is transferred from the feed solution to the solvent (isopropyl ether) in a series of stages.
The feed solution contains acetic acid with a concentration of 30% by mass. This solution is fed into the battery at a rate of 2000 kg/h.
Pure solvent (isopropyl ether) is introduced into the battery at a rate of 3000 kg/h. The purpose of adding pure solvent is to extract the acetic acid from the feed solution.
As the feed solution and pure solvent flow through the battery, they come into contact with each other in a counter current fashion. This means that the feed solution flows in one direction while the solvent flows in the opposite direction. This allows for efficient extraction of the solute.
In each stage of the battery, a portion of the acetic acid from the feed solution is transferred to the solvent. The concentration of the acid in the outlet solution (raffinate stream) decreases as it moves through the stages. To determine the number of steps required for the acid concentration to reach 2% over the mass excluding the ether, we need to calculate the extraction efficiency of each stage.
The extraction efficiency of a stage can be calculated using the following formula:
Extraction Efficiency = (Ci - Cf) / (Ci - Cr)
Where:
Ci = Initial concentration of acid in the feed solution
Cf = Final concentration of acid in the outlet solution
Cr = Concentration of acid in the raffinate stream
To decrease the acid concentration to 2% over the mass excluding the ether, we set Cf = 0.02 and Cr = 0. This allows us to calculate the extraction efficiency for each stage.
The extraction efficiency is given by:
Extraction Efficiency = (Ci - 0.02) / Ci
Since the extraction efficiency is the same for each stage in a counter current battery, we can express it as a fraction. In this case, the extraction efficiency is (Ci - 0.02) / Ci. We need to find the number of stages (n) that will reduce the initial concentration (Ci) to 2% over the mass excluding the ether.
(0.3 - 0.02) / 0.3 = [tex](1 - 0.02)^n[/tex]
0.28 / 0.3 = [tex]0.98^n[/tex]
n = log(0.28 / 0.3) / log(0.98)
n ≈ 11.742
Since we cannot have a fractional number of stages, we round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, approximately 12 steps are required for the acid concentration in the outlet solution to decrease to 2% over the mass excluding the ether.
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Why is a continuous flow of make-up water needed in the cooling water cycle? To replace water lost due to evaporation in cooling towers To replace water lost to the process To reduce the heat transfer area needed in process coolers To minimize the need for recycle loops in the process To replace water which reacts to form products
To replace water lost due to evaporation in cooling towers. The correct option is a.
The continuous flow of make-up water is required in the cooling water cycle to replace water lost due to evaporation in cooling towers. Cooling water is the water used in cooling towers and other cooling equipment to dissipate excess heat in a process. The water that is lost due to evaporation in cooling towers should be replaced continuously.
This is because the evaporative loss of water from the cooling tower may lead to an increase in the concentration of salts and other impurities in the water. A high concentration of salts and other impurities may lead to scaling, fouling, and corrosion in the cooling equipment, which may adversely affect the performance and efficiency of the equipment and lead to equipment failure.
The continuous flow of make-up water is important for maintaining the concentration of salts and other impurities within acceptable limits. The make-up water should be treated to remove impurities such as suspended solids, dissolved solids, and microorganisms that may be present in the water. The treatment of make-up water involves processes such as filtration, sedimentation, chemical treatment, and disinfection. The treatment of make-up water helps to ensure that the cooling equipment is protected against scaling, fouling, and corrosion, and that the performance and efficiency of the equipment are maintained.
the correct option is a.
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4 Symmetry
(Toledo Piza) Consider the following processes:
ke + ¹H → P+ eko
Η
(ie, respectively the photodissociation of hydrogen and the radiative capture of an electron by a proton) which are related by time inversion. Assuming the invariance of the transition operator by time inversion.
Assuming the invariance of the transition operator by time inversion, relate the cross sections for the two processes.
Suggestion. Use invariance to relate the two transition matrix elements, without trying to explicitly calculate them.
The cross sections for the processes of photodissociation of hydrogen and radiative capture of an electron by a proton can be related by assuming the invariance of the transition operator under time inversion. By using this invariance, the two transition matrix elements can be related without the need for explicit calculation.
The principle of invariance under time inversion allows us to relate the cross sections of two processes that are related by time reversal. In this case, the photodissociation of hydrogen and the radiative capture of an electron by a proton are related by time inversion. By assuming the invariance of the transition operator, we can establish a relationship between the two transition matrix elements, which in turn relates the cross sections of the processes. This approach avoids the need for explicit calculation of the transition matrix elements and provides a convenient way to study the symmetry properties of the processes.
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What is the Reynold's number of benzene at 10°C flowing in a 2x3 in rectangular duct at a velocity of 2.78 m/s? Upload Choose a File"
The Reynold's number of benzene at 10°C flowing in a 2x3 in the rectangular duct at a velocity of 2.78 m/s can be calculated using the formula such as Reynold's Number = (ρ x V x D) / µ.
Where, ρ = Density of benzene at 10°C = 874 kg/m³, V = Velocity of fluid flow = 2.78 m/s, D = Hydraulic Diameter of rectangular duct = 2 x 3 = 6 µm = 0.006 mµ = Viscosity of benzene at 10°C = 0.61 cP = 0.00061 kg/m-s.
Substitute the given values in Reynold's number formula.
Reynold's Number = (874 x 2.78 x 0.006) / 0.00061= 197,435.7 (approx).
Therefore, Reynold's number of benzene at 10°C flowing in a 2x3 in the rectangular duct at a velocity of 2.78 m/s is approximately 197,435.7.
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A stripping column is used to strip a volatile organic compound (A) from water with pure water vapor as the stripping agent. At the operating temperature of the column the equilibrium relationship for compound A is given as y=25x in terms of compound A mole frac. The liquid mixture enters at a rate of 1.2 kmol/min and contains 0.0002 mole fraction of compound A. L/V is given as 10.0. It is desired to have a liquid mixture of water and compound A with 0.00001 exit mole fraction of compound A. a) What is the outlet mole fraction of compound A in the exit gas stream? b) How many stages are required to achieve this separation?
The outlet mole fraction of compound A in the exit gas stream is 0.00025.
To calculate the outlet mole fraction of compound A in the exit gas stream and determine the number of stages required for the separation in the stripping column, we can use the concept of equilibrium stages and the given equilibrium relationship.
Equilibrium relationship: y = 25x
Liquid mixture flow rate (L): 1.2 kmol/min
Inlet mole fraction of compound A (x): 0.0002
Liquid-to-vapor flow rate ratio (L/V): 10.0
Desired exit mole fraction of compound A (x_exit): 0.00001
a) Outlet mole fraction of compound A in the exit gas stream (y_exit):
Using the equilibrium relationship y = 25x, we can calculate the outlet mole fraction of compound A in the exit gas stream:
y_exit = 25 × x_exit
= 25 × 0.00001
= 0.00025
Therefore, the outlet mole fraction of compound A in the exit gas stream is 0.00025.
b) Number of stages required:
To determine the number of stages required, we can use the concept of equilibrium stages and the liquid-to-vapor flow rate ratio (L/V).
The number of equilibrium stages (N) is given by the equation:
N = (log((x - y_exit) / (x - y)) / log((1 - y_exit) / (1 - y)))
Substituting the values:
N = (log((0.0002 - 0.00001) / (0.0002 - 0.00025)) / log((1 - 0.00001) / (1 - 0.00025)))
Simplifying the equation and calculating:
N = (log(0.00019 / 0.00015) / log(0.99999 / 0.99975))
N ≈ (log(1.2667) / log(1.00024))
N ≈ 0.101 / 0.00002
N ≈ 5.05
Therefore, approximately 5 stages are required to achieve the desired separation.
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2) Reaction showed how copper oxidizes as follows; Cu(s) + 1/2 O2(g) → CuO (8)
At 1298K temperature GC, 1298K, G02,1298K, GCO,1298K AG rex, 1298K calculate these values
and specifiy which phases are thermodynamically stable? ΔG0 = - 162200+ 69.24T J (298K-1356K)
At 1298K temperature, the reaction ΔG0 value is calculated to be -100,329 J. The thermodynamically stable phases are Cu(s) and CuO.
At a temperature of 1298K, the reaction of copper oxidation is represented by the equation Cu(s) + 1/2 O2(g) → CuO. The given equation provides the standard Gibbs free energy change (ΔG0) for the reaction. By substituting the temperature value (1298K) into the equation ΔG0 = -162200 + 69.24T J (298K-1356K), we can calculate the ΔG0 value.
Plugging in the values, we get ΔG0 = -162200 + 69.24 * 1298 J = -100,329 J. This value represents the change in Gibbs free energy under the given conditions, indicating the spontaneity of the reaction. A negative value suggests that the reaction is thermodynamically favorable.
Regarding the thermodynamically stable phases, Cu(s) (solid copper) and CuO (copper(II) oxide) are the stable phases in this reaction. The symbol "(s)" denotes the solid phase, and "(g)" represents the gaseous phase. CuO is the product of the reaction, while Cu(s) is the reactant, which indicates that both phases are thermodynamically stable.
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A4 kg object is moving along at 7 m/s. If the object then accelerates for 9. seconds at a rate of 12 m/s2, what is the object's new velocity in m/s?
A 4 kg object is moving along at 7 m/s. Thus the object's new velocity in m/s is 115 m/s
To calculate the object's new velocity, we can use the formula:
v = u + at
v is the final velocity,
u is the initial velocity,
a is the acceleration, and
t is the time.
Initial velocity (u) = 7 m/s
Acceleration (a) = 12 m/s²
Time (t) = 9 seconds
Substituting the given values into the formula:
v = 7 m/s + (12 m/s²)(9 s)
v = 7 m/s + 108 m/s
v = 115 m/s
Therefore, the object's new velocity is 115 m/s.
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Explain why a thick layer of ice on the lake can support the weight of a person, but the liquid water cannot.
A thick layer of ice on a lake can support the weight of a person because ice is a solid state of water, while liquid water cannot support the weight due to its inherent fluidity.
Ice and liquid water are both forms of the same substance, H2O, but their molecular arrangements and physical properties differ. When water freezes, its molecules form a crystalline structure, creating a rigid network of interconnected ice molecules. This structure gives ice its solid and stable nature, allowing it to bear weight without collapsing. The lattice-like arrangement of molecules in ice makes it capable of withstanding pressure and maintaining its shape.
On the other hand, liquid water lacks a fixed molecular arrangement. The molecules in liquid water are more loosely packed and have higher mobility compared to ice. As a result, liquid water is fluid and doesn't have the structural integrity necessary to support the weight of a person or any significant load. The molecules in liquid water easily flow past each other, adapting to the shape of their container and exhibiting behaviors such as surface tension.
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The diagrams below are illustrations of some farm tools. Study them carefully and use
them to answer the questions that follow.
1)
iii)
M
Die
N
P
T.
Q
Identify each of the tools labelled M, N, P and Q.
Mention one use each of the tools labelled M, N, P and Q.
[4 marks]
[4 marks]
State two precautions that must be taken when using the labelled P. [2 marks].
According to the information we can infer that these tools are: P.aspersor, Q. sword, M. manual drill, N. blind. According to the above, these tools are used to build and sprinkle crops.
What tools do we see in the image?According to the image we can infer that the different tools are:
P. sprinkler.Q. sword.M. hand drill.N. blind.On the other hand, the functions of these tools are:
P. apply substances on crops.Q. Cut crops.M. Make holes.N. Make cuts.The precautions that we must take with these tools (P) are:
Good handling.Use personal protection elements.Note: This question is incomplete. Here is the complete information:
Attached image
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1. A agriculturist needs a fertilizer that is 9% potash, but she can only find fertilizers that contain 6% and 15% potash. How much of each should she mix to obtain 10 kilograms of fertilizer that is 9% potash?
2. If a bag of fertilizer were labeled as containing 35% K2O,
a. What is the analysis when expressed as %K?
b. Assume the bag is labeled as 150% P, calculate the percentage
P2O5 in the bag.
To make a 10-kilogram fertilizer containing 9% potash, the farmer needs to combine around 6.67 kilograms of a 6% potash fertilizer with 3.33 kilograms of a 15% potash fertilizer.
On the other hand, a bag of fertilizer labeled as containing 35% K₂O can be expressed as containing 29.05 % K.
Calculation of components in fertilizersWe can set up a system of two equations based on the amount of potash in each fertilizer:
Equation 1: The total weight of the fertilizer is 10 kilograms:
x + y = 10
Equation 2: The percentage of potash in the mixture is 9%:
(0.06x + 0.15y) = 0.09(10)
0.06x + 0.15y = 0.9
Now we can solve the system of equations by substitution method.
From Equation 1, we can express x in terms of y:
x = 10 - y
Substituting this value of x into Equation 2:
0.06(10 - y) + 0.15y = 0.9
Expanding and simplifying the equation:
0.6 - 0.06y + 0.15y = 0.9
0.09y = 0.9 - 0.6
0.09y = 0.3
y = 0.3 / 0.09
y ≈ 3.33
Now, substitute the value of y back into Equation 1 to find x:
x + 3.33 = 10
x = 10 - 3.33
x ≈ 6.67
Therefore, the agriculturist should mix approximately 6.67 kilograms of the 6% potash fertilizer and 3.33 kilograms of the 15% potash fertilizer to obtain 10 kilograms of fertilizer that is 9% potash.
2a. Potassium oxide (K₂O) has a molar mass of 94.2 g/mol, while potassium (K) has a molar mass of 39.1 g/mol. Therefore, the conversion factor from K₂O to K is
(2 * 39.1) / 94.2 = 0.83.
So if a bag of fertilizer is labeled as containing 35% K₂O, then it contains
= 35 * 0.83 = 29.05% K.
Therefore, a bag of fertilizer labeled as containing 35% K₂O can be expressed as containing 29.05 % K.
2b. it’s not possible for a bag to be labeled as containing 150% P. The percentage of any component in a mixture must be between 0% and 100%.
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What is the total number of carbon atoms on the right-hand side of this chemical equation? 6co2(g) 6h2o(l)=c6h12o6(s) 6o2(g)
The total number of carbon atoms on the right-hand side of the chemical equation is 6.
To determine the total number of carbon atoms on the right-hand side of the chemical equation, we need to examine the balanced equation and count the carbon atoms in each compound involved.
The balanced chemical equation is:
6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)
On the left-hand side, we have 6 CO2 molecules. Each CO2 molecule consists of one carbon atom (C) and two oxygen atoms (O). So, on the left-hand side, we have a total of 6 carbon atoms.
On the right-hand side, we have one molecule of C6H12O6, which represents a sugar molecule called glucose. In glucose, we have 6 carbon atoms (C6), 12 hydrogen atoms (H12), and 6 oxygen atoms (O6).
Therefore, on the right-hand side, we have a total of 6 carbon atoms.
In summary, the total number of carbon atoms on the right-hand side of the chemical equation is 6.
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draw the complete arrow pushing mechanism for the reaction in part i. 2. what conclusions can you draw about the effect of temperature on the sn1 reaction rate constant? do you think your results would be qualitatively true for other reactions like elimination or addition? explain your reasoning.
The complete arrow pushing mechanism for the reaction in part i involves the departure of a leaving group from the substrate, followed by the formation of a carbocation intermediate, and finally the nucleophilic attack by a solvent molecule.
What conclusions can be drawn about the effect of temperature on the Sn1 reaction rate constant?In Sn1 (substitution nucleophilic unimolecular) reactions, the rate-determining step involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate. The rate constant for this step is influenced by temperature. According to the Arrhenius equation, an increase in temperature leads to an increase in the rate constant.
This is because higher temperatures provide more thermal energy, leading to greater kinetic energy and faster molecular motion. As a result, the reaction rate increases.
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(i) This is a Numeric Entry question / It is worth 1 point / You have unlimited attempts / There is no attempt penalty Question 1st attempt ..i. See Periodic Table COAST Tutorial Problem The K b
of dimethylamine [(CH 3
) 2
NH] is 5.90×10 −4
at 25 ∘
C. Calculate the pH of a 0.0440M solution of dimethylamine.
The pH of the 0.0440 M solution of dimethylamine is approximately 10.77.
To calculate the pH of a 0.0440 M solution of dimethylamine, we need to determine the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) and then use that information to calculate the pOH and subsequently the pH.
Kb of dimethylamine (CH₃)₂NH = 5.90 × 10⁻⁴ at 25 °C
Concentration of dimethylamine = 0.0440 M
Since dimethylamine is a weak base, it reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions and its conjugate acid:
(CH₃)₂NH + H₂O ⇌ (CH₃)₂NH₂⁺ + OH⁻
From the balanced equation, we can see that the concentration of hydroxide ions is the same as the concentration of the dimethylamine that has reacted.
To calculate the concentration of OH⁻ ions, we need to use the equilibrium expression for Kb:
Kb = [NH₂⁻][OH⁻] / [(CH₃)₂NH]
Since the concentration of (CH₃)₂NH is equal to the initial concentration of dimethylamine (0.0440 M), we can rearrange the equation as follows:
[OH-] = (Kb * [(CH₃)₂NH]) / [NH₂⁻]
[OH-] = (5.90 × 10⁻⁴ * 0.0440) / 0.0440
[OH-] = 5.90 × 10⁻⁴ M
Now, we can calculate the pOH using the concentration of hydroxide ions:
pOH = -log([OH-])
pOH = -log(5.90 × 10⁻⁴)
pOH ≈ 3.23
Finally, we can calculate the pH using the relation:
pH = 14 - pOH
pH = 14 - 3.23
pH ≈ 10.77
Therefore, the pH of the 0.0440 M solution of dimethylamine is approximately 10.77.
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The actual combustion equation of octane in air was determined to be C8H18 + 1402 + 52.64N24CO₂+ 4CO + 9H₂O +3.502 +52.64N2 If 25.03 kg of octane was burned, how much was the excess oxygen in the products? Express your answer in kg.
The excess oxygen in the products is 16.85 kg.
When 25.03 kg of octane is burned, the combustion equation shows that 52.64 moles of nitrogen gas (N₂) and 3.502 moles of oxygen gas (O₂) are required. However, the actual amount of oxygen used in the reaction is not specified. To determine the excess oxygen, we need to compare the stoichiometric ratio of oxygen to octane in the combustion equation.
The molar mass of octane (C₈H₁₈) is 114.22 g/mol, so the moles of octane can be calculated by dividing the given mass by the molar mass:
25.03 kg (25030 g) / 114.22 g/mol = 219.10 mol
The stoichiometric ratio of octane to oxygen in the combustion equation is 3.502 moles of O₂ per 1 mole of octane. Therefore, the theoretical amount of oxygen required for the complete combustion of 219.10 moles of octane is:
219.10 mol octane × 3.502 mol O2/mol octane = 767.27 mol O2
To determine the excess oxygen, we subtract the amount of oxygen actually used from the theoretical amount:
767.27 mol O₂ - 3.502 mol O₂ = 763.77 mol O₂
Finally, we convert the excess oxygen from moles to kilograms by multiplying by its molar mass:
763.77 mol O₂ × 32.00 g/mol = 24,401.44 g (24.40 kg)
Therefore, the excess oxygen in the products is 16.85 kg.
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P = RT V-b For the given equation of state of a gas, derive the parameters, a, b, and c in terms of the critical constants (Pc and Tc) and R. a с TV(V-b) + 7²V³
In the given equation of state P = RT/(V-b) + a/V^2, the parameters are derived as follows: a = 0, b = Rb (where R is the gas constant and b is related to the critical constants), and c = 0. The parameter "a" is found to be zero, while "b" is equal to Rb, and "c" is also zero in this context.
What are the derived values of the parameters "a," "b," and "c" in the given equation of state, in terms of the critical constants (Pc and Tc) and the gas constant (R)?To derive the parameters a, b, and c in terms of the critical constants (Pc and Tc) and the gas constant (R) for the given equation of state P = RT/(V-b) + a/V^2, we can start by comparing it with the general form of the Van der Waals equation:
[P + a/V^2] * [V-b] = RT
By expanding and rearranging, we get:
PV - Pb + a/V - ab/V^2 = RT
Comparing the coefficients of corresponding terms, we have:
Coefficient of PV: 1 = R
Coefficient of -Pb: 0 = -Rb
Coefficient of a/V: 0 = a
Coefficient of -ab/V^2: 0 = -ab
From the above equations, we can deduce the values of a, b, and c:
a = 0
b = Rb
c = -ab
Therefore, in terms of the critical constants (Pc and Tc) and the gas constant (R):
a = 0
b = Rb
c = 0
It's important to note that the value of c is determined as 0, as it is not explicitly mentioned in the given equation.
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The fermentation of glucose into ethanol was carried out in a batch reactor using the organism Saccharomyces Cereviseae. Plot of cell concentration, substrate, product and growth rate as a function of time. Initial cell concentration = 1 g/dm3 and glucose concentration = 250 g/dm3.
Given: Cp* = 93 g/dm3, Yc/s = 0. 08 g/g, n = 0. 52, Yp/s = 0. 45 g/g, max = 0. 331/h, Yp/c = 5. 6 g/g, Ks = 1. 7 g/dm3, kd = 0. 01 1/h, m = 0. 03 g. Substrate/g. Cell
The fermentation of glucose into ethanol using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae as the organism was carried out in a batch reactor.
The given data includes the initial cell concentration, glucose concentration, Cp* (critical concentration of product), Yc/s (yield coefficient of cells to substrate), n (empirical order of substrate), Yp/s (yield coefficient of product to the substrate), max (maximum specific growth rate), Yp/c (yield coefficient of product to cells), Ks (half-saturation constant), kd (death rate constant), and m (maintenance coefficient).
To plot the cell concentration, substrate concentration, product concentration, and growth rate as a function of time, we can use the given data and equations related to microbial growth kinetics.
1. Calculate the specific growth rate (µ) using the equation: µ = µmax * (S / (Ks + S)). Here, S represents the substrate concentration. Substitute the given values into the equation to find the specific growth rate.
2. Calculate the change in cell concentration over time (dX/dt) using the equation: dX/dt = µ * X. X represents the cell concentration. Multiply the specific growth rate by the cell concentration at each time point to obtain the change in cell concentration over time.
3. Calculate the change in substrate concentration (dS/dt) and product concentration (dP/dt) over time using the yield coefficients. Use the equations: dS/dt = -Yc/s * dX/dt and dP/dt = Yp/s * dX/dt. Substitute the values of the yield coefficients and the change in cell concentration calculated in Step 2 to find the change in substrate and product concentrations over time.
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2. Calculate the heat loss from a 5 cm diameter hot pipe when covered with a critical radius of asbestos insulation exposed to room air at 20 20 °C. The inside temperature of the pipe is 200 °C. (Assume Kasbestos= 0.17 W/m/°C and h of air is 3 W/m<°C). 5 marks
The total heat loss from the pipe is Q = Qc + Qr = 8.88 + 3.43 = 12.31 W. Hence the heat loss from the pipe is 12.31 W.
The given values are:R1 = 5/2 = 2.5 cmk = 0.17 W/m/°C Thermal conductivity, K for asbestos= 0.17 W/m/°C Temperature of the hot pipe, T1 = 200 °C
Temperature of room, T2 = 20 °Ck = 3 W/m²/°C Thickness of insulation, r = R1. We know that r = Rcrit = R1/k. Hence R1 = Rcrit * k = 2.5 * 0.17 = 0.425 cm. Hence thickness of insulation, r = R1 = 0.425 cm. Surface area of the pipe, A = 2 π R1 L, where L is the length of the pipe. Let us assume the length of the pipe, L = 1 m. Hence surface area of the pipe, A = 2 π R1 L = 2 * 3.14 * 0.025 * 1 = 0.157 m².Due to the insulation, the pipe will lose heat to the surrounding air by convection from the outer surface of the insulation and radiation from the outer surface of the insulation. Let us assume that the emissivity of the outer surface of the insulation is 0.9.
Heat loss by radiation, Qr = e σ A (T14 – T24), where e is the emissivity, σ is the Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m²/K4, T1 is the temperature of the pipe, T2 is the temperature of room.
Hence Qr = 0.9 * 5.67 × 10-8 * 0.157 * (4734 – 2934) = 3.43 W. Heat loss by convection, Qc = h A (T1 – T2), where h is the heat transfer coefficient for air, A is the surface area of the pipe. Hence Qc = 3 * 0.157 * (200 – 20) = 8.88 W.
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An endetharmic reaction is taking place. An engineer recommended the process denign shown in the image below Which of the following terms best eerder ir? 140 Cold shots Irteers Intercoolers Excess reactant Hotshots
The term that best describes the process design in the image is "Intercoolers" which are used to cool down the temperature between stages of an endothermic reaction, removing excess heat.
In an endothermic reaction, heat is absorbed from the surroundings, which means the reaction requires an input of heat to proceed. To manage the heat generated during the reaction and maintain the desired temperature range, an engineer would recommend using intercoolers. Intercoolers are heat exchangers that help dissipate excess heat and maintain the temperature within a specified range. They are commonly used in various processes, including chemical reactions, to prevent overheating and ensure efficient operation. By incorporating intercoolers into the process, the engineer can effectively manage the temperature and optimize the reaction conditions for better performance.
Intercoolers are devices used to cool and reduce the temperature of a fluid or gas between stages of compression or during a process that generates heat. They are commonly used in applications such as air compressors, turbochargers, and chemical reactions.
Intercoolers work by transferring the excess heat generated during compression or exothermic reactions to a cooling medium, such as air or water, to prevent overheating and maintain the desired temperature range. This allows for improved efficiency, increased power output, and protection of the system from potential damage due to high temperatures. Intercoolers play a crucial role in maintaining optimal operating conditions and enhancing the performance and reliability of various systems and processes.
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Question 45 If the osmotic pressure of the blood increases the hypothalamus will trigger the secretion of [1] from the [2] X
If the osmotic pressure of the blood increases the hypothalamus will trigger the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the posterior pituitary gland.
Osmotic pressure is a measure of the tendency of a solution to move by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane to the solution's concentration gradient. The greater the solute concentration in the solution, the greater the osmotic pressure. The hypothalamus is a portion of the brain that is located below the thalamus, near the base of the brain. It serves as the primary regulator of homeostasis in the body. It is responsible for controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland and for regulating various physiological processes such as body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.
The hypothalamus receives input from various parts of the body and responds by producing and releasing different hormones that help to maintain balance and stability within the body. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone that is secreted by the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland. It acts on the kidneys to regulate the amount of water that is excreted in the urine. When the osmotic pressure of the blood increases, the hypothalamus triggers the secretion of ADH, which causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urine, resulting in a decrease in urine output and an increase in blood volume and blood pressure. Conversely, when the osmotic pressure of the blood decreases, ADH secretion is inhibited, which allows the kidneys to excrete more water and maintain the body's fluid balance.
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Which of the following is NOT true: Select one: a. No answer b. Positive displacement pumps can produce high pressure c. Positive displacement pumps produce constant-volumetric flowrate d. Centrifugal pumps can produce low pressure once compared to positive displacement pump
Here Option C. Positive displacement pumps produce constant-volumetric flowrate is NOT true.
Positive displacement pumps do not produce a constant flowrate. Instead, they produce a constant mass flowrate by maintaining a constant volume of fluid within the pump as it moves through the system. The flowrate of a positive displacement pump will vary depending on the pump's design, the speed of the rotating parts, and other operating parameters.
Positive displacement pumps are commonly used in applications that require a steady, predictable flowrate, such as in HVAC systems, refrigeration systems, and pumping applications that involve liquids or gases with low or moderate viscosities. Here Option C. Positive displacement pumps produce constant-volumetric flowrate is NOT true.
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Which of the following is a non-polar molecule (have no permanent bond dipole moment)? Select the correct answer below: O CO2 be CO O CHO O CHO
CO₂ is a non-polar molecule. The correct answer is CO₂.
CO₂, which is carbon dioxide, is a non-polar molecule because it has a symmetrical shape and its bond dipoles cancel each other out. In CO₂, the carbon atom is bonded to two oxygen atoms. The molecule has a linear shape, with the carbon atom in the center and the oxygen atoms on either side.
The bond between the carbon atom and each oxygen atom is polar because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, creating a partial negative charge on the oxygen atoms and a partial positive charge on the carbon atom. However, because the molecule is linear, the bond dipoles are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, effectively canceling each other out.
This results in a non-polar molecule overall, with no permanent bond dipole moment. To summarize, CO₂ is a non-polar molecule because its bond dipoles cancel each other out due to its symmetrical linear shape. Hence, CO₂ is the correct answer.
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2. Distamycin and derivatives have exhibited antiviral, antibiotic, and antitumor activity by binding to the minor groove of DNA (J. Med. Chem. 2004, 2133). Place a line through each bond of distamycin that would be cleaved by acid hydrolysis.
The bond between the nitrogen and the amide group in distamycin would be cleaved by acid hydrolysis.
Distamycin is a peptide antibiotic that has demonstrated antiviral, antibiotic, and antitumor activity. It does this by binding to the minor groove of DNA.Acid hydrolysis is a process in which molecules are broken down in the presence of an acid. Acid hydrolysis is widely used to cleave certain types of chemical bonds.
When treated with acid hydrolysis, the bonds that hold the molecule of distamycin are broken, leading to the production of its derivatives.To identify the bonds that would be cleaved by acid hydrolysis in distamycin, we must first examine its chemical structure. Distamycin has two aromatic rings, a nitrogen-containing heterocycle, and an amide-containing tail. In the presence of acid, the amide bond is cleaved, leading to the production of two smaller peptides and an acid. To place a line through each bond that would be cleaved by acid hydrolysis, we can isolate the amide bond in the structure.
Thus, the amide bond is located between the nitrogen-containing heterocycle and the amide-containing tail. Therefore, the bond between the nitrogen and the amide group is the one that would be cleaved.
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For 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O:
4 moles of H₂ will react with
moles of O₂ to produce
moles of H₂O
Answer:
in this reaction, 4 moles of H₂ will react with 2 moles of O₂ to produce 4 moles of H₂O.
Explanation:
The balanced equation 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O tells us that 2 moles of hydrogen gas (H₂) will react with 1 mole of oxygen gas (O₂) to produce 2 moles of water (H₂O).
If we have 4 moles of H₂, we can determine the corresponding amounts of O₂ and H₂O using the stoichiometric ratios from the balanced equation.
From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of H₂ will react with 1 mole of O₂. Therefore, if we have 4 moles of H₂, we would need twice as many moles of O₂ to ensure complete reaction. Thus, we would require 2 moles of O₂.
Similarly, if 2 moles of H₂ produce 2 moles of H₂O, then 4 moles of H₂ would produce 4 moles of H₂O.
So, in this reaction, 4 moles of H₂ will react with 2 moles of O₂ to produce 4 moles of H₂O.
A Chemical plant that provides jobs to 90 % of the active population of a city, is discharging pollutants to river. A very small community lives near the river and fishing is their only source of income. The cutch is used only for the local community consumption. Scientific reports warned that that people who consumed the fish may experience health problems.
a. Whose rights are paramount in this case? 10 pts, explain why? b. Analyse the case according to the utilitarian perspective c. Analyse the case according to respect for persons perspective, d. Propose a middle way solution ?
Rights of the small community near the river are paramount: clean environment and livelihood protection.
a. The rights of the small community near the river take precedence in this case due to several reasons. Firstly, their livelihood depends solely on fishing, making it crucial for their survival. Discharging pollutants into the river threatens their income and overall well-being. Additionally, every individual has the right to a clean and healthy environment, which includes access to safe food sources. The community's right to a pollution-free river and the right to earn a living without health risks outweigh other considerations in this scenario.
b. From a utilitarian perspective, the analysis would focus on maximizing overall well-being and happiness. While the chemical plant provides jobs to a significant portion of the city's population, the negative impact on the small fishing community's health and livelihood cannot be ignored. If the pollution affects the fish and subsequently harms the health of those consuming it, the overall well-being of the community may be compromised. In this case, the utilitarian perspective would support measures to mitigate the pollution and prioritize the health and economic welfare of the small community.
c. Analyzing the case from a respect for persons perspective, the focus is on the inherent dignity and rights of individuals. Each person has the right to live in a clean and safe environment and to pursue a livelihood without being exposed to harmful substances. The small community's rights to health, safety, and a sustainable livelihood should be respected and protected. This perspective highlights the moral obligation to prioritize the well-being and dignity of all individuals involved.
d. To propose a middle way solution, it is essential to balance the interests of both the chemical plant employees and the small fishing community. This could involve implementing pollution control measures at the plant to minimize the discharge of harmful pollutants into the river. Additionally, alternative livelihood options could be explored for the small community, such as supporting and promoting sustainable fishing practices or providing training and resources for alternative income-generation activities. By finding a middle ground that addresses the concerns of both parties, a solution can be reached that protects the rights and well-being of all involved.
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Consider the following reaction: NO + 03 --- NO2 + O2. Which is the correct expression for the instantaneous reaction rate? Select one: 1. d102 2. 3. dt d[NO dt d[0, dt dos dt 4. V
The correct expression for the instantaneous reaction rate is given by option number 2.
The instantaneous reaction rate is given by the expression d[NO]dt × d[O3]dt. Thus, the correct expression for the instantaneous reaction rate is given by option number 2. Let us understand the reaction mentioned in the question and how the expression for the instantaneous reaction rate is derived. The given chemical equation is:
NO + O3 → NO2 + O2
The rate of the above reaction depends on the change in the concentration of any one of the reactants or products. The rate can be determined by observing the change in the concentration of reactants or products with respect to time. This change can be mathematically expressed asd[NO]dt, d[O3]dt, d[NO2]dt, d[O2]dt
Let's consider the reaction: NO + O3 → NO2 + O2The balanced chemical equation is given as:
2 NO + O3 → 2 NO2
The rate of the reaction can be determined using the rate of disappearance of O3 or NO, which is given by the following expression:d[O3]dt = -k[O3][NO]d[NO]dt = -k[O3][NO]
In order to calculate the instantaneous rate of the reaction, we multiply the rates of disappearance of O3 and NO by -1, i.e.,d[O3]dt = k[O3][NO]d[NO]dt = k[O3][NO]The rate of the reaction can also be expressed in terms of the formation of NO2 or O2 as:d[NO2]dt = k[O3][NO]d[O2]dt = k[O3][NO]
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1. (20 pts) A reactor is to be designed in which the oxidation of cyanide (CN-) to cyanate (CNO-) is to occur by the following reaction 0.5 02 + CNCNO- The reactor is to be a tank that is vigorously stirred so that its contents are completely mixed, and into and out of which there is a constant flow of waste and treated effluent, respectively. The feed stream flow rate is 1 MGD, and contains 15,000 mg/L CN. The desired reactor effluent concentration is 10 mg/L CN-. Assume that oxygen is in excess and that the reaction is directly proportional to the cyanide concentration, with a rate constant of k = 0.5 sec¹¹. Determine the volume of reactor required to achieve the desired treatment objective, if the reactor behaves as a) an ideal PFR, b) an ideal CSTR. or c) a system consisting of 2 equal size ideal CSTRs connected in-series.
The reactor volume required to achieve the desired treatment objective is 2,085.9 L
For the oxidation of cyanide (CN-) to cyanate (CNO-), the following reaction occurs:
0.5 02 + CN- -> CNO-
The reactor is designed to be a tank that is vigorously stirred, so that its contents are completely mixed. The feed stream flow rate is 1 MGD, and contains 15,000 mg/L CN. The desired reactor effluent concentration is 10 mg/L CN-. Oxygen is in excess and the reaction is directly proportional to the cyanide concentration, with a rate constant of k = 0.5 sec¹¹.
Volume of reactor required to achieve the desired treatment objective
For an ideal PFR:
The volume of a PFR is calculated using the following equation:
V=Q/(-rA)
where,
Q=Volumetric flow rate of feed = 1 MGD = (1 MGD) (3.7854 L/1 gal) (1 day/24 h) (1 h/60 min) (1 min/60 s) = 62.42 L/s-r = k [C]^0.5. Since the reaction is first order, the half-life (t1/2) is calculated using the following equation:
t1/2 = 0.693/k = 0.693/0.5 sec¹¹= 1.386e+10 sec = 439 years
The concentration of CN- at the inlet to the PFR is 15,000 mg/L, while the desired concentration at the outlet is 10 mg/L. Therefore, the percentage removal is 99.93%. For a 99.93% removal, the equation becomes:
rA = k [C]^0.5 = (0.5 sec¹¹) [(15,000 - 10) mg/L]^0.5= 323.61 mg/L sV = Q/(-rA) = 62.42 L/s/(-323.61 mg/L s) = 0.192 L
For an ideal CSTR:
The reactor volume of a CSTR is calculated using the following equation:
V = Q(Ci - Ce) / (rA)
The volume of a CSTR is calculated using the following equation:
V = Q (C0 - Ce) / rAV = 62.42 L/s(15,000 - 10) mg/L / [(0.5 sec¹¹) (15,000 mg/L)^0.5]V = 4,171.8 L
For a system consisting of 2 equal size ideal CSTRs connected in-series:
The volume of each CSTR (V) is 2,085.9 L (half of the total volume of the reactor)
The reactor volume of a CSTR is calculated using the following equation:
V = Q(Ci - Ce) / (rA)
The concentration of CN- at the inlet to the first CSTR is 15,000 mg/L. The concentration of CN- at the outlet of the first CSTR is calculated using the following equation:
Ce1 = kV/Ci = (0.5 sec¹¹) (2,085.9 L) / (15,000 mg/L) = 6.94e-05 mg/L
The concentration of CN- at the inlet to the second CSTR is 6.94e-05 mg/L. The concentration of CN- at the outlet of the second CSTR is calculated using the following equation:
Ce2 = kV/Ci = (0.5 sec¹¹) (2,085.9 L) / (6.94e-05 mg/L) = 1.50e+13 mg/L
The reactor volume required to achieve the desired treatment objective is 2,085.9 L
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